Air is a substance, a mixture of gases, which has the properties of fluids.

The movement of the gas particles that make up air influences the ways in which air behaves.

There is a limited amount of water available to people, and it is continously recycled.

The physical changes of water from one state to another (through evaporation and condensation), together with the associated latent heat changes, 'drive' the water cycle.

The water cycle is an important part of Earth's weather.

Metals are defined and grouped by the similarities and differences in their physical and chemical properties.

People use their understandings of the properties of a metal to promote or prevent the physical and chemical changes that affect the metal's usefulness.

The movement of objects in the air is a result of net forces in action.

The design of objects can influence their rate of movement through air by decreasing or increasing the action of air resistance on them.

Temperature is a measure of the heat of an object and is related to how fast the particles that make up the object are moving and vibrating.

Heat (the internal energy of an object) is transferred along a gradient from hotter to cooler temperatures.

Cooking technologies create a temperature difference that allows us to heat food.

An object (or system containing more than one object or material) floats if it is less dense than the water it is floating in.

An object floats when its weight is equal to the weight of the water it displaces.

An object floats in water when the upthrust balances the object's weight.

Scientists group living things according to their evolutionary relationship.

All the individuals within any one group of living things share a number of features.

Some features used for classification are readily observed, others can only be observed with the use of scientific equipment and theory.

TKI link to Book 39

These big ideas are so closely inter-related, the assessment resources relate to all of them.

The companion book is Book 55, Mammals.

Earthquakes may cause sudden, small changes, but in time, their effects may also result in large changes to the landscape.

New Zealand is located at the active boundary between 2 tectonic plates, and earthquakes play an important role in shaping our landscape.

TKI link to Book 40

Fossils can form only where the remains or other traces of living things are preserved from the normal processes of decay and disintergration.

TKI link to Book 41

The combination of balanced and unbalanced forces acting on an object can be used to predict and describe its movement.

TKI link to Book 42

Changes in the lower atmosphere that we experience as weather are related to temperature and pressure differences in adjacent air masses.

Changing day length and temperature are the signals that co-ordinate the responses of living things to overall seasonal changes.

TKI link to Book 43
TKI link to Book 44

The more closely related species are to each other, the more features they have in common.

Each species has specific structures with specific functions that contribute to the survival of that species.

Each species has its own important role to play in an ecosystem.

In order to get heat energy, we need to convert other types of energy.

Heat energy flows from where it's hot to where it's not.

What insulating materials are made of and where they are located influence the rate at which heat energy flows.

Fibres and fabrics can be classified according to their properties.

The properties of different fabrics are related to where the fabric fibres come from.

The properties of fabrics suit them to particular purposes.

Static and current electricity are related but different. They both involve the movement of electrons.

Magnetism is related to electricity, but it is different. Both generate forces that may be experienced without contact.

Changes in the lower atmosphere that we experience as weather are related to temperature and pressure differences between adjacent air masses.

Extremes of weather can result in rapid changes to the landscape and may have a significant impact on living things.

52) The Land Changes (L1-4)

Our activities can impact on planet Earth's systems in ways we don't often anticipate or are not aware of until other changes become evident.

Naturally occuring processes contribute to changes in planet Earth's systems.

The living and non-living things that make up planet Earth are closely interlinked and delicately balanced. Changes in one thing result in changes to others.

TKI link to Book 52

'The Land Changes' is linked explicitly in the book to achievement aim 4 of the Living World and aims 2 and 4 of Planet Earth. It does, however, also relate to aim 1 of Planet Earth.

*PE9533, PE9528, and PE9513 deal with holes in the ozone layer. Although not specifically dealt with in the booklet, it is important students recognise the atmosphere is part of planet Earth.

We can use technologies to prevent or promote the growth of moulds.

Machines can be used to transform energy from one form to another.

Machines can be used to transfer energy or change the direction and/or magnitude of a force.

Water and air are fluids whose flow can be harnessed by machines.

Scientists group living things according to their evolutionary relationship.

All the individuals within any one group of living things share a number of features.

Some features used for classification are readily observed, others can only be observed with the use of scientific equipment and theory.

TKI link to Book 55

These big ideas are so closely inter-related, the assessment resources relate to all of them.

The companion book is Book 39,
Is this an Animal?.

There is a direct relationship between the properties of individual materials and the product made from them.

Different processes lead to different changes in the composition of materials (including foods).

Changes of state always involve a transfer of energy.

The properties that characterise solids, liquids, and gases are related to particle behaviour.

The properties of water change when it is combined with other substances.

Arthropods are one large invertebrate classification group.

Related animals show different adaptations for their unique lifestyles.